![]() Peripheral blood oxygenation had an RMS error of 2.3% (N=91).Ĭonclusions: A toilet seat–based cardiovascular monitoring system has been successfully demonstrated with blood pressure, stroke volume, and blood oxygenation accuracy consistent with gold standard measures. Stroke volume has an accuracy of –2.5 (SD 15.5) mL (N=149) compared to an echocardiogram gold standard. The accuracy of diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure is 1.2 (SD 6.0) mm Hg (N=112) and –2.7 (SD 6.6) mm Hg (N=89), respectively. Results: Clinical grade accuracy was achieved for all of the seat measurements when compared to their respective gold standards. The estimated stroke volume was validated on 38 normative subjects and 111 subjects undergoing a standard echocardiogram at a hospital clinic for any underlying condition, including heart failure. Methods: The toilet seat–based estimates of blood pressure and peripheral blood oxygenation were compared to a hospital-grade vital signs monitor for 18 subjects over an 8-week period. Objective: The objective of this work was to demonstrate that a toilet seat–based cardiovascular monitoring system with an integrated electrocardiogram, ballistocardiogram, and photoplethysmogram is capable of clinical-grade measurements of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, stroke volume, and peripheral blood oxygenation. This work presents a toilet seat–based cardiovascular monitoring system that has the potential to address low patient adherence as it does not require any change in habit or behavior. However, classical approaches to in-home monitoring have had limited success, with patient adherence cited as a major barrier. ![]() Tracking physiologic changes to detect early deterioration in the home has the potential to reduce hospitalization rates through early intervention. JMIR Bioinformatics and Biotechnology 31 articlesĮmail: There is a pressing need to reduce the hospitalization rate of heart failure patients to limit rising health care costs and improve outcomes.JMIR Biomedical Engineering 66 articles.Journal of Participatory Medicine 76 articles.JMIR Perioperative Medicine 86 articles.JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies 189 articles.JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting 266 articles. ![]() Interactive Journal of Medical Research 286 articles.JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 1071 articles.Journal of Medical Internet Research 7222 articles.
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